Here are some of my favorites in 0.14.0. Some of these are pretty new so they might not be perfect.
Nimbus Micro
A $500k missile barge. Larger versions add more missile sections and invest the remainder in the front and rear modules.
Pirahna
A $500k ion shooter. Wins at sustain, but crumbles against burst damage.
Sail
A $1mil cannon wall. Rams things and keeps fighting after split.
Vamp
A $1mil missile shooter with teeth.
Fulcrum
A $100k swarm flanker. Made to shoot out thrusters and engine rooms and other vulnerable parts.
Hotshot
A $200k ion swarmer. Pretty easy to play, but scary to fight. Weak against burst damage.
Laser Brain
A $500k laser burster. Made to "dip" into range, unload a volley, then kite away.
Slipgate
A $500k ion brawler. Holds the line for other ships.
Boomer
A $500k cannon brawler. Lobs cannon shells rapidly and has enough thrust to keep slower ships at range or find angles on soft spots.