The simplest defense against this type of cannonball stacking is to back away. Cannon salvos only work when the enemy ship can accelerate quickly towards you, so moving backwards cancels out that acceleration. Fast ships can also strafe/turn to dodge the volley entirely (cannon shells are very slow). You noted this type of defense in your original post, and IMO it's a very effective one.
Regular armor is also an excellent defense against enemies that rely on burst damage. "A" shaped designs or missile barges usually have large armor sections in the front, and can easily absorb volleys of cannon shells. Burst damage isn't any better than sustained damage against armor.
Even if you're both slow and unarmored, you still have a fighting chance. You'll have the money for more weapons than the salvoing ship (which spent lots of money on engines), so you can afford to take some up-front burst damage. Spreading out weapons also makes a huge difference against focused salvos without needing lots of engines or armor.
I do like the idea of reactive armor and hope it gets added into the game at some point (variety is always good!), but I don't think there's a pressing balance reason for it. Even with the ability to salvo, cannons are still not top of the "meta" at the moment.
Lafiel As long as weapons have infinite ammo a one-shot defense is meaningless. I suppose you meant to give the attacked an opportunity to fire back once. But it still would be just that.
I disagree. Regular armor is a "1-shot defense," but it's very effective. Just because a defense doesn't last forever doesn't mean it's useless.