Yeah in theory everything you need to run comes with the installer. (And even if that didn't work, you should still at least get an error message.)
Lots of people run Cosmoteer with Win7, and I regularly test on Win7, so I don't think that's the issue (or at least not the sole issue).
Unfortunately I'm running out of ideas here. It's hard to figure out what's going on when there's literally no error message. (I assume you have no logs in C:\Users\username\Saved Games\Cosmoteer\Logs
, correct?)