jbox1 Gunbeds
A long repated ship consisting of a long front section covered in weapons and heavy sheilding, and a short back section of thrusters.
(warning, old, horribly unoptimized design)

Missile Kiters
A ship consisting of a heavily sheilded front section, and the sides being mostly missile launchers. Often the back or center section will contain trhusters
You have the wrong definition here. A Kiter defends itself primarily by not being in range of the enemy.

Shield Balls
A ship that attempts to cover every possible surface, hole and opening with shields.

Ion Combs
A ship that has long slits, ending in Ion beams, and protected by shields placed in these slits so as to defend them.
It doesn't need to use shields. Armor tines work surprisingly well.

Broadsiders
These are long ships with shielded and armed sides (occasionally with frontal weapons). A sub type is the semi-broadsider, which has weapons only on one side (so as to keep the AI pointed in the right way)
Semibroadsiders are just gunbeds with an asymmetrical engine layout.

Modules
Ships consisting of self contained areas which can be placed together to form a large, functional ship.

Another big category is Artsy Ships. These are ships that are designed first and foremost to look like something. Like swords, because swords are awesome.
